afnaflnsfx?;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?af/] l/kf]l6{ªsf
nflu kqsf/x/sf] cGt/f{li6|o dxf;+3 -cfO{Pkmh]_ sf] k|:tfljt
dfu{lgb]{zg tyf l;4fGtx?
pRrtd g}lts tyf Jofj;flos :t/
sfod ug'{ ;Dk"0f{ kqsf/ tyf cfd;+rf/sdL{x?sf] st{Jo
xf], ;fy} pBf]uleq afnaflnsx?sf] clwsf/ / :jtGq kqsfl/tfsf]
cEof;sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+wsf] ;Demf}tf / o;sf k|efjx?af/]
hfgsf/L ;s];Dd Jofks ?kdf km}nfpg' k5{ .
afn clwsf/sf] xgg tyf afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff (safety),
uf]kgLotf, ;'/Iff, lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs sNof0f;Fu ;+a+lwt ljifox?
tyf ;a} vfnsf zf]if0fsf s'/fx?nfO{ cfd;+rf/ ;+:yfx?n]
cg';Gwfg / ;fj{hlgs 5nkmnsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnsf] ?kdf
lng'k5{ . afnaflnsfx?sf] k"0f{ uf]kgLotfsf] xs x'G5,
o;sf ckjfbx? oL dfu{lgb]{lzsfx?df :ki6 ?kdf
v'nfOPsf 5g\ . ldl8ofdf afnaflnsfsf] hLjg / pgLx?sf] lxt;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo k|:t't ubf{ To;n] afnaflnsfx? vt/fdf
kg{;Sg] gfh's cj:yfnfO{ a'em]/ k|:t't ug'{k5{ .
afnaflnsfx?sf] af/]df sfd ubf{ kqsf/x? tyf cfd;+rf/
;+:yfx?n] g}lts cfr/0fsf] pRrtd :t/ sfod ug'{ k5{ .
kqsf/x?
• afnaflnsfx? ;+nUg ePsf]
ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ ;TotYo tyf ;+j]bgzLntfsf] b[li6n]
pTs[i6 :t/sf] l/kf]l6{ª ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg]5g\ Ù
• ldl8ofdf afnaflnsfaf/]df hfgsf/L
lbFbf pgLx?nfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g] vfnsf] lrq0f ug]{ sfd
tyf k|sfzg ug]{ 5}gg\ Ù
• afnaflnsfsf af/]df kqsfl/s ;fdu|L
k|:t't ubf{ k'/fgf] 9fFrfdf -:6l/of]6fOk_ / ;g;gLk"0f{ tl/sfn]
k|:t't ug]{ 5}gg\ Ù
• afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L
k|sflzt ubf{ To;af6 x'g;Sg] kl/0ffdaf/] /fd|/L ljrf/ k'¥ofpg]
5g\ / afnaflnsfnfO{ kg]{ b'ik|efj 36fpg] sfd ug]{5g\ Ù
• :ki6 ?kdf ;fj{hlgs lxtdf
afx]s cGo l:yltdf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|ToIf jf cGo tl/sfn] lrgfpg]
sfd ug]{ 5}gg\ .
• afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf]
ljrf/ kf]Vgsf nflu s'g} nf]e nfnr jf nfe lagf ldl8ofdf kx'Fr,
;+ej eP;Dd, pknAw u/fpg] 5g\ Ù
• afnaflnsfn] lbPsf] ;"rgfsf]
;Totfaf/] hfFra'em ubf{ :jtGq 9+un] x'g'kg]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\
;fy} To:tf] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] afnaflnsfnfO{ vt/fdf gkf/L sg
hfFra'em ul/g] 5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfddf ljz]if Wofg lbg]5g\
Ù
• afnsflnsfsf] sfd's÷pQ]hs
lrq0f jf 5lj k|:t't ug]{ 5}gg\ Ù
• afnaflnsfsf lrqx? k|fKt
ug{ ljj]sk"0f{, v'nf / k|ToIf tl/sf ckgfpg] 5g\ tyf, ;+ej
eP;Dd, afnaflnsf jf lhDd]jf/ k|f}9 JolQm, cleefjs jf x]/rfx ug]{
JolQmnfO{ yfxf lbP/ tyf pgLx?sf] ;xdlt lnP/ lrqx?
k|fKt ug'{kg]{ 5 Ù
• afnaflnsfsf nflu af]Ng] jf pgLx?sf]
lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bfjL ug]{ s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] j}wtfsf] k|df0fkq
hfFRg] 5g\ Ù
• afnssf] lxt x'G5 eGg] s'/f k|ToIf
?kdf gb]lvP;Dd afnaflnsfsf] lxt ufFl;Psf] ;fdu|L 5fk] afkt
afnaflnsf jf ltgsf afa'cfdf jf cleefjsx?nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]
5}gg\ .
;+o'Qm /fi6|;+3sf] afnclwsf/ ;lGw (CRC) af/] k|:t't ug]{
l/kf]6{ tyf ;Demf}tf cfcfˆgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf]
;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ug]{ bfaLx?nfO{ kqsf/x?n] cfnf]rgfTds
?kn] hfFRg'k5{ .
cfd;+rf/ dfWodx?n] afnaflnsfx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ 36gfsf]
?kdf dfq x]g'{ x'Fb}g -36gf 36]dfq} ;dfrf/ agfpg] gq a]jf:t
ug{] ug'{ x'Fb}g_ . a? 36gflt/ 8f]¥ofpg] k|lqmofsf] ?kdf
lg/Gt/ l/kf]6{ ug'{k5{ .
afnaflnsfsf] of}g b'/frf/ tyf zf]if0fsf] af/]df l/kf]l6{ª
ubf{ M
b'/frf/ jf zf]if0fdf k/]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ zAb jf lrqaf6
slxNo} klg lrgfpg' x'Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ pgLx?sf] hLjg vt/fdf
kg{;S5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M s'g} af/df b]xJofkf/df klqmPsL lszf]/Lsf] k"/f
cg'xf/ b]lvg] kmf]]6f] 5fKbf aflnsfsf] dof{bfdf wSsf nfUg]dfq}
xf]Og ækl/jf/sf] OHht hf]ufpgÆ lszf]/Lsf] xTof klg
x'g;S5 . kl/jf/sf] OHht hf]ufpg xf];\ jf bnfnnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{
xf];\ jf c? ljleGg sf/0fn] xf];\ ;+;f/sf w]/}h;f] efudf afnaflnsfx?n]
p:t} vfnsf vt/fx?sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . olb tkfO{Fn]
b]xJofkf/df klqmPsf s]6fs]6Lsf] kmf]6f] b]vfpg rfxg'x'G5 eg] kmf]6f]sf]
sf65fF6 ug'{k5{ . -cg'xf/ 9fSg jf glrlgg] agfpg ;lsG5 t/ o;f]
ubf{ afnsnfO{ dflg;sf] ;§f a:t'sf] ?kdf lrlgg] ;+efjgf
x'G5_ . 6f9faf6 jf k5fl8af6 kmf]6f] lvRg klg ;lsG5 . olb cIf/df
n]Vb} x'g'x'G5 eg] gfd km]g{ gla;{g';\ / gfd km]/]sf] s'/f skL÷l/kf]6{df
v'nfpg'k5{ .
vt/fdf kg{;Sg] afnaflnsfx? kfOg] 7fpFx?nfO{ zJb
jf lrqdfkm{t glrgfpg';\ . o;f] ugf{n] afn b'/frf/Lx? /
afn zf]if0fstf{x?nfO{ tL afnaflnsfsxfF k'Ug pS;fpg jf ;3fpg
;S5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M afnaflnsfnfO{ b]xJofkf/df nufpg] ;d'b|t6 jf
k;n -;lkª ;]G6/_ sf] kmf]6f] lbFbf Tof] 7fpF ;lhn};Fu lrlgg
;S5 . æaDa}sf] blIf0fL e]ssf] kmnfgf] Onfsfsf] k5fl8sf]
kmnfgf] uNnLdf====Æ o;/L zAblrqsf] ?kdf lkmr/ ;'?
ubf{ /fd|f] eP tfklg o;n] of}g ko{6snfO{ ToxfF k'Ug] af6f] klg
b]vfpF5 .
afnaflnsfx? b]xJofkf/df ;+nUg ePsf] s'/f tkfO{FnfO{ k"/f
ljZjf; gnfu];Dd s'g} klg afns jf aflnsfnfO{ b]xJofkf/df klqmof]
eg]/ gn]Vg';\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M ;8sdf ;'Tg] afnaflnsfx? lgZro g} zf]if0fsf]
vt/fdf x'G5g\ , t/ tL ;a} hgf of}g zf]if0fdf k/]sf 5g\ eg]/ 7f]s]/
eGg ;lsGg . ;8ssf afnaflnsfsf] kmf]6f] 5fKg] / kmf]6f]sf] tn ækmnfgf
;8ssf ;8s j]ZofÆ eGg] SofK;g g5fKg';\ . tkfO{Fn] oL afnaflnsfnfO{
vt/fdf kfg{ ;Sg'x'G5 ;fy} tkfO{Fn] unt hfgsf/L lbFb} x'g'x'G5
. s;}n] tkfOF{dfly ufnLa]OhtLsf] d'2f xfNg ;S5 .
;a} k|f}9x? afn of}g b'?kof]uL jf zf]if0fstf{ x'G5g\
eGg] cfzon] gn]Vg';\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M pi0f k|b]zsf] ;d'b|L t6df cfgGb dgfO/x]sf] cwa}F;]
/ Pp6f lszf]/ afa' / 5f]/f x'g ;S5g\ . dfgxfgLsf w]/} d'2fsf]
pN6f] k|rf/n] ubf{ jf:tjd} lszf]/x?nfO{ ank"j{s sfddf
nufpg]x? lj?4 d2f xfNg klg dfl;x? lemFhf] dfGg yfN5g\
. cfˆgf tYox?nfO{ /fd|/L hfFRg';\ .
of}g b'?kof]u / zf]if0f jf:tjdf s]sf] af/]df ePsf] xf]
a'‰g';\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu M æk]8f]lkmnÆ zAbsf] clt w]/} pkof]u
gug'{;\ . of] zAbn] ljz]if ;d"xsf dflg;x?nfO{ hgfpF5
. Tof] ;d"xsf dflg;x? dgf]a}1flgs lx;fan] dlxgfjf/L
x'g'eGbf sd pd]/sf lszf]/Lx?;Fu of}g ;DaGw /fVg -ljleGg
:t/df_ ?rfpF5g\ . of] zAbsf] clt w]/} pkof]u ugf{n] jf:tljstf
n'S5 M cyf{t\ sd pd]/sfx?;Fu of}g ;DaGw /fVg]x?
æ;fdfGoÆ dflg; x'g\ - u}/ k]8f]lkmn_ eGg] a'lemg;S5
. of] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ 5 lsgls olb ;d:ofnfO{ l7s 7fpFdf k|xf/
ug]{ xf] eg] ;d:ofsf] l7s klxrfg x'g'k5{ . of] dfldnfdf ;/sf/
tyf hgtfn] klg of] yfxf kfpg' cfjZos 5 ls afnaflnsfsf nflu lk8f]lkmndfq}
vt/f xf]Og . l5d]sd} a:g] æ;fdfGoÆ dflg; emg 7"nf]
vt/f x'g;S5 . o:t} tkfO{Fsf] cg';Gwfg klg .
;xof]u rflxg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;3fpg';\ .
tkfOF{;Fu of}g b'/frf/÷zf]if0fsf] lzsf/ ePsf] lszf]/sf]
e]6 x'g;S5 . pm tkfO{F;Fu s]xL eGg rfxG5 . sltko lszf]/x?
k|efjsf/L ;lqmotfjfbLx? aG5g\ / /fd|f jQmf klg x'G5g\ .
w]/} ;+:yfx?n] of] s'/f dx;'; u5{g\ / To:tf lszf]/x?nfO{
;fIfLsf] ?kdf k|];;dIf k|:t't ug{ xtfl/G5g\ . xfd|f] cg'ej
s] 5 eg] oL lszf]/x?dWo] s]xLn] oL s'/fx? dx;';
ub}gg\ M !. cfˆgf] klxrfg÷kmf]6f] ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 cfOnfUg;Sg]
vt/f, @. k|];sf] ablnFbf] ?lr jf :jfy{ / k|f]kmfOn -k|fyldstf_
sf] sf/0fn] kg]{ bjfj . of] hl6n ljifo xf] . of] dfldnfdf lszf]/nfO{
cfˆgf] cg'ej JoQm ug{ lbg'k5{ . t/ tkfO{Fn], kqsf/sf] x}l;otn]
dfq xf]Og clkt' ;"rgfsf] ;|f]tsf] klxrfg / ;'/IffnfO{ hf]ufpg]
gftfn] klg To;df ;+nUg lszf]/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfddf cfˆgf]
ljj]s k|of]u ug'{k5{ . cfjZos k/] lszf]/sf] lxtnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/
p;sf] k|f]kmfOn lbg OGsf/ ug'{k5{ . p;sf] ;'/Iff c? s;}sf] st{Jo
xf] eGg] g;f]Rg';\ .
cGTodf
tkfOF{n] sfd ubf{ xfdLn] g;d]6]sf s'g} l:ylt 5 eg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf
lbg';\ . k|];sf] :jtGqtf / afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf cfOkg]{ xfFsx?sf]
;dfwfgaf/] xfdLnfO{ eGg';\ . tkfOF{ h'g sfg]nfO{ of] 7]ufgfdf
Od]n k7fpg ;Sg'x'G5 M
junekane@bluewin.ch
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